ABOUT
ABOUT DÍA DE LOS MUERTOS COLLECTIVE
The Día de Los Muertos Collective is a nonprofit that coordinates the efforts of Toronto´s community to bring a celebration that honors the dead, delights the living, promotes artistic creation and foster community development through tradition.
ABOUT THE DAY OF THE DEAD
In traditional Day of the Dead/ Día de los Muertos festivities in Mexico, friends and family gather to remember loved ones who have passed away, and to support their spiritual journey onward. In the spirit of a culture that is alive, thriving, and therefore ever transforming, we invite you to join the Day of the Dead celebration at the Wychwood Barns — and through your participation make it yours and the community’s. To commemorate those who have died — whether in our own families or circle of friends or as a result of political persecution or neglect — we celebrate our being alive with food and dance, honour the memory of those gone through altars and art, and create an awareness of the fragility of life and its constant interweaving with death by way of the festivity’s geography. Alongside a day-long program that also strives to acknowledge our indebtedness to and respect for Canada’s Indigenous inhabitants, we invite you to explore the grounds of the Barns, which together and through your presence and participation constitute one enormous, animated altar. As a community member, you give the celebration its shape and meaning: pass from our world of the living, represented by the Market (Tianguis) through Limbo to the Underworld (Mictlan); approach the Sacred Fire under guidance from its Indigenous guardians; make an offering of marigolds at the community altar; discover the Clandestine Graves that remind us of the many deaths worldwide that occur under dubious circumstances; and pay homage to these victims and express solidarity with their families by participating in the creation of a community sand sculpture. Celebrating together, we acknowledge death’s universality, honour the dead, and make a stand for a better future of greater justice.
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(English version below)
La "Costa Chica" de Guerrero y Oaxaca, reclaman su presencia en la historia mexicana. Una de sus formas de reivindicación se expresa con La danza de los diablos, con la que rememoran a los olvidados, no sólo en Día de Muertos, sino en eventos cuyo objetivo es el reconocimiento de los pueblos afromexicanos, término utilizado por algunos movimientos y colectivos como inscripción en la historia nacional, destacando la pertenencia a la diversidad cultural del pueblo mexicano.
La danza de los diablos se remonta a la época en la que los hacendados españoles en las costas emplearon la mano de obra de los esclavos negros.
Esta danza inicio como un ritual dedicado al dios negro Ruja, a quien honraban y pedían ayuda para liberarse de sus duras condiciones de trabajo, es por eso que al inicio de la danza se le invoca con respeto y reverencia. Además, en el transcurso de la danza, con mucha frecuencia pronuncian en coro la palabra ¡Urra!; que también es un Dios benevolente y protector de los negros. Actualmente el concepto de adoración al Dios Ruja se ha sustituido por la veneración de los muertos, como símbolo o encarnación de los muertos que durante estos días se hacen presentes, los negros, y mestizos disfrazados de diablos se aparecen en el camposanto desde el 31 de octubre y se acostumbra que los danzantes recorran las casas donde hay altares de muertos y en donde se baila, se come y se consumen licores.
La danza se interpreta por un grupo de danzantes en dos columnas, tradicionalmente, todos son masculinos (la adaptación producida para esta ocasión no limita a los bailarines en base a su género). Hay un Diablo Mayor, también conocido como El Viejo, Tenango o El Caporal y su mujer La Minga o La Vieja, madre de los diablos. Ella baila con El Viejo, sus hijos los diablos o con gente del público, con quienes es provocativa y coqueta. Los diablos se mueven en círculos de frente, círculos de espaldas, movimientos de atrás para adelante, zapateando o no, mostrando la máscara haciendo movimientos con fuerza, gruñendo y tirándose al piso.
En la danza de los diablos de costa chica, los danzantes se visten con prendas de color negro, usan paliacates rojos en una mano, la cintura, el cuello o en la cabeza.
Todos llevan una máscara de madera o cartón con una cornamenta de venado, pelo y barba de crin de caballo. El Caporal utiliza chaparreras, su atuendo es más elegante que los demás; y La Minga usa ropa amplia de colores chillantes, blusa, falda y rebozo. Por regla general representa a una negra alta y robusta.
El Diablo Mayor grita "¡Ruja!", el zapateado comienza, los diablos miran al piso y responden con un "¡Ruja!" para no ser maltratados por el fuete del Tenango.
Los Diablos, acompañados de música, recorren las calles principales de sus pueblos y llegan al panteón, quedándose en la entrada ya que su presencia es solo para atraer a las almas para llevarlas por las calles a visitar a los vivos, los muertos poseen a los diablos, quienes bailan en posición encorvada para dejar entrar el alma del muerto por sus costillas, cuando los diablos se tiran en el piso, esto simboliza que las almas han entrado en los cuerpos de los diablos. El día 2 de noviembre regresarán frente al panteón despidiendo a las almas y poder descansar después de tres intensos días de baile que han dejado agotados a los diablos.
Las poblaciones de la Costa Chica donde tradicionalmente se celebra esta danza, son Cuajinicuilapa y San Nicolás, Guerrero, sin descartar por su cercanía Collantes, Tepexpa y Oaxaca.
DANZA DE LOS DIABLOS
(Dance of the Devils)One of the ways the Costa Chica (“small coast”) of Guerrero and Oaxaca claims its place in Mexican history is through La Danza de los Diablos (Dance of the Devils), used to remember the once forgotten, not only during the Day of the Dead but also in events specifically recognizing Afro-Mexican communities.
The Danza de los Diablos dates back to the time when Spanish landowners on the coasts of Mexico employed the labor of black slaves.
The dance started as a ritual dedicated to the black god Ruja, venerated and prayed to by the African slaves in hopes of gaining deliverance from their toils. It is for this reason that the devils, at the beginning of the dance, invoke Ruja with respect and reverence. During the dance, the devils also shout the word “Urra,” the name of a benevolent god who protects black people. In contemporary Mexico, worship of Ruja has been replaced by the veneration of the dead, symbolizing the continued presence or incarnation of those who have passed on among the living. During the days of celebration, starting on October 31, Afro-descendant Mexicans dress up as devils that appear around the cemetery, arriving there after dancing through the community’s houses, which all have altars dedicated to the dead.
The dance is performed by a group of dancers in two columns, traditionally, all of them male (for the present adaptation, the dance is gender-inclusive). There is a main devil, also known as “The Old Man,” “El Tenango,” or “El Caporal,” and his wife “La Minga” (or “The Old Lady”), mother of the devils. La Minga dances with El Caporal and her children, as well as with people from the audience, with whom she is flirtatious and provocative. The devils move back and forth in the form of a circle or in columns, showing their masks, vigorously stomping their feet, growling, and falling to the floor.
In the Danza de los Diablos, performers wear black outfits and red bandanas on one of their hands, their waist or their head. They also all wear either a wooden or a cardboard mask with deer antlers or bull horns, their hair and beards made out of horsehair. El Caporal, dressed more elegantly than the other devils, wears chaps; La Minga’s clothes — a blouse, skirt, and rebozo — are loose and vibrantly coloured. She is generally represented as a tall and robust black woman.
When El Caporal shouts “Ruja!” the zapateado (stomping) begins, the devils look down, and equally respond with a “Ruja!” so as not to be mistreated by him.
Accompanied by music, the devils dance through the main streets of their communities to the cemetery, where they hover around the entrance to attract the souls of the dead, whom they then take back through the streets to visit the living. The devils dance in a crouched-down position to allow the souls of the dead to enter their bodies through their ribs. Devils falling to the ground symbolize that the souls have entered their bodies. On November 2, the devils return to the cemetery to send the souls back. They themselves can then finally rest after three strenuous days of dancing.
The communities of the Costa Chica where this dance is traditionally performed are Cuajinicualpa and San Nicolas, Guerrero, as well as Collantes, Tepexpa, and Oaxaca.
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(English version below)
El Xantolo es una derivación de la celebración de origen prehispánico para venerar a los muertos llamada Milkailjuitl. Dicha celebración se lleva a cabo en la zona de la Huasteca, que esta conformada por las comunidades establecidas al norte de Veracruz, el sur de Tamaulipas, la Sierra Gorda de Querétaro y algunas regiones de San Luis Potosí e Hidalgo.
Un sello distintivo de este festejo son sus danzas tradicionales; estas danzas van acompañadas por música de tríos Huastecos y se baila en cuadrillas o comparsas de hombres, mujeres y niños de todas las edades.
Se tiene la creencia de que las animas no solo vienen a degustar lo que en vida disfrutaban, si no que acompañan a los vivos durante el baile. Las danzas son un acto de comunión entre vivos y muertos.
Lo mas característico de estas danzas son sus máscaras de madera y disfraces, donde no puede faltar la muerte que se encarga de vigilar para que no se queden los muertos en este mundo, el diablo que representa el mal que quiere llevarse las almas de los muertos, la mujer embarazada que representa la vida, y el vaquero que es el guía encargado de anunciar la casa donde se bailaran estas danzas. La danza comienza con el diablo agitando su látigo para abrir el portal entre el mundo de los vivos y los muertos, donde los ancestros renacen y toman el cuerpo de los mortales para bailar una vez más.
Una vez terminada la danza, existe un acontecimiento llamado “El Destape”, donde los danzantes acuden con el Patriarca de la Danza, a quien entregan la máscara que utilizaron y quien realiza una limpia para “quitar el muerto” del cuerpo. Asimismo, existe la creencia de que si decides ser un danzante, lo tienes que hacer por 7 años consecutivos, de lo contrario te caerá una maldición donde los espíritus te perseguirán hasta hacerte caer en la locura.
DANZAS DEL XANTOLO
(English version)El Xantolo derives from a prehispanic celebration venerating the dead called Milkailjuitl. It is performed in the region of Huasteca by communities established north of Veracruz, south of Tamaulipas, in the Sierra Gorda de Querétaro, and in certain areas of San Luis Potosí e Hidalgo.
Its traditional dances stand as one of the distinguishing characteristics of this celebration — accompanied by the music of Trios Huastecos, they are performed by groups of men, women, and children of all ages.
It is believed that the souls of the dead join the celebrations not only to indulge in what they enjoyed during their lifetimes but also to accompany the living during the dance. The dances can therefore be described as an act of communion between the living and the dead.
The dances are most prominently characterized by the use of wooden masks and distinctive costumes to represent certain characters. Never missing among them is Death, who must ensure that the souls of the dead do not stay behind in the world of the living; the Devil, who represents evil and wishes to steal the souls of the dead; the Pregnant Woman who represents life; and the Vacquero, a kind of cowboy, who serves as a guide by pointing to the houses in which these dances are performed. The dance begins when the Devil cracks his whip to open the gate between the world of the living and the world of the dead, the place where the ancestors are reborn and re-emerge in the bodies of mortals to dance one more time.
Once the dance concludes, a phase called “El Destape,” the Disrobing, begins. Here the dancers approach the Patriarch of the Dance to bring him the masks used during the recital. He then performs a cleansing to “remove death” from their bodies.
There is also the belief that anyone who decides to become one of the dancers in the Danzas del Xantolo must perform for seven consecutive years to avoid the curse of being pursued by spirits to the point of insanity.